HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EJIGBO TOWNSHIP, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.

 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EJIGBO TOWNSHIP, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.

Ejigbo community is a major Yoruba town in Osun state of Nigeria. It is about 40kilometers from Oshogbo, the capital of Osun state. The 1963 Nigerian census estimated its population to be 46,000 with a landmass of 25square kilometers. Populated to be 132,641 as at the 2006 cenus.

According to oral history, Ejigbo is an ancient settlement founded by Akinjole Ogiyan, abbreviation of Ogiriniyan, right after the old Oyo. Ogiyan has a rich pedigree been a descendant of Oduduwa and the ruling family of Ife. Together with his brothers, particularly the Akire , the founder of Ikire-Ile, they left Ile- Ile with Oranyan(oranmiyan), the founder of old oyo,to establish their own towns. 

The fact that ogiyan, is from Ile-Ife is confirmed by Ejigbo Mekun’ the name of a market in Ile-Ife. Akinjole settled many other villages spread around yorubaland. He is the paramount ruler and prescribed authority over many, if not all of them.

The following towns and villages ,among others were under him, Ika, igbon,olosin ologede,inisa, aato, ijimoba, afake , ilawo, inisa edoro, isundunrin, olia,ado ori-oke,ayegunle, idigba, ibogunde, songbe, olorin osuntedo and iwata.

Around 1835, Ejigbo came under Ibadan, when the Ibadan army moved to protect Osogbo from Ilorin invaders. In fact, detachments from Ejigbo assisted the Ibadan army in the ijaye, jalimi, and kiriji wars between 1860 and 1866.

Ajayi ogboriefon, balogun and leader of the Ibadan army in the jalumi war circa 1860 and 1878 was a native of Ejigbo from the Akala compound and his mother, Alagbabi was the daughter of an ogiyan of Ejigbo. In 1934, when the then government retioined to the terms of the 1893 treaty which recognized Ibadan’s independence and gazettes the bale and divisional council of Ibadan as an independent native authority, five district Obas including the ogiyan were made members of the Divisional Council.

The traditional markets are the ones in the centre of the town, and few others in some other quarters. There is now a traditional markets fixed for every Saturdays as is the case in many Yoruba towns. It is situated at the centre of the town, in front of the palace and it is also the most favored for night shopping and other social activities.

In the past, it was used as recreational centre for the town, and therefore, was attended by many who even had nothing to buy or sell.

Ejigbo did not escape foreign influence especially, the nineteenth century events that permeated Nigeria. Its people and culture changed with the flow. For example, many people have been converted to Islam and Christianity. The Baptist, being the dominant Christian mission in the town, now has a number of churches and it was through its efforts that the people of the town established the first fully fledged secondary grammar school; the Ejigbo Baptist high school followed the Asarudeen Grammer School. Ejigbo is tolerant of its diverse faiths. This is demonstrated in the joint celebration annual Orisa Ogigan festival.

Farming is the traditional source of economy in Ejigbo. It is based on production of food crops, such as yam, cassava, cocoyam, potato, maize, guinea corn, cowpea and cash crops like cocoa, palm oil, kola-nut, coconut and varieties of fruits. Trading in textiles and imported goods is also common in the town

Ejigbo indigenes reside in Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin Republic and some other Francophone Countries thereby giving them the opportunity to speak French in addition to Yoruba, their mother tongue. They also occupy key positions in some of these countries.

* The traditional title of the paramount ruler is Ogiyan of Ejigbo.

* Ejigbo is home to the College Of Agriculture, Osun State University.

 

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ENOUGH IS A ENOUGH' : ASUU REACTS TO BUHARI COMMENT ON ASUU STRIKE

 

'ENOUGH IS A ENOUGH' : ASUU REACTS TO BUHARI COMMENT ON ASUU STRIKE

The Academic Staff Union of Universities, on Tuesday, reacted to the comments made by the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.), regarding the ongoing strike action by the union.

The PUNCH reports that Buhari had, on Monday, in a statement signed by his spokesperson, Garba Shehu, told the striking lecturers to consider the future generation and resume back to work.

“We hope that ASUU will sympathise with the people on the prolonged strike. Truly, enough is enough for keeping students at home. Don’t hurt the next generation for goodness sake,” Buhari was quoted as saying.

But the chairperson of ASUU, Federal University of Minna, Dr. Gbolahan Bolarin, accused the president of playing psychological games by involving the future generation in his statement.

According to the ASUU chairperson in a statement made available to our correspondent in Abuja, he noted that the president who had been vocal about the struggles of ASUU before he became president, failed to put his knowledge of the struggles of the university lecturers into use.

“The media space was inundated with a statement credited to President Buhari regarding ASUU’s struggle yesternight, and with spill over till this morning. Hence, the need to give this brief response so that Nigerians would know if ‘Enough is actually enough’.

“Firstly, Mr President was very vocal about the ASUU struggle some years back before becoming the President and one would have expected him to know about the struggle more than some people but unfortunately, his statement yesterday suggested otherwise. I won’t blame the president that much, I can only say that his handlers are his enemies because if the president was properly briefed about the matter, he wouldn’t have made that statement.

“Again, the president said enough is enough, what is actually enough? Was he talking about the attitude of his appointees to direct order, as evident in the directive he gave on February 1, 2022, and was not executed for over two months? Was he tired of going through reports on assignments given to different agencies? These are more of his faults and not that of the Union.

“The president was trying so hard to play a psychological game by bringing students (next generation) into the statement forgetting that the lecturers like any other common Nigerian have their kids and wards in public universities but his kids are/were not/never in public universities.

“Unfortunately, the government after six months of keeping the students at home due to its poor handling of the strike issues is just realising that they are parents when their children do not even know what the gates of public universities in the country look like. There is no need to paint ASUU’s struggle in such coloration because we all know that the political class hardly cares about the rest of us because they only believe the students are good for political thuggery.

“I was so happy when the president mentioned that, we should be inclined toward technology, the question again that we need to ask is this; do we have the facilities to make us an innovative nation through our universities? Is the upgrade of facilities in our universities to make us competitive not part of ASUU’s demands? Then, I think enough is enough of daydreaming.

Speaking further in the statement, the ASUU chairperson cautioned the presidential spokesperson and other government officials against making issues of ASUU political.

“Unfortunately, some aides to the president think that academic staff can only think maximumly at their own level of reasoning. The Media Aide to the President, Mr. Garba Shehu, was on Channels TV yesterday saying that “why is ASUU holding President Buhari to ransom?” This is as if the fight is personal. He should go back in time and tell us if President Buhari was in power in the 90s, 2009 (the strike that led to the famous agreement), 2013 (the six-month strike), etc.

“Government agents should stop playing politics with everything, especially when lives are involved. He was also saying that ASUU should bend, the question is this, which *item on the demand has been resolved that can make any right-thinking person bend?

“I am very disappointed when I heard “they should go back to classes while we continue to negotiate with them,” do they think we are stupid or a bunch of idiots that can not process things properly? We have been on strike for close to six months and you have not been able to resolve just one of the issues and you want us to go back to classes so as to declare another strike in the next three months?

“Haba, Mr. President, enough of this talk, it is time for action that will lead to permanent resolution of the issues quickly going by what you were saying before 2015 and history will be kind to you that the president that brought enough to ASUU strike was you. 

Rebroadcasting:

Sansa Wasiu Shodeko

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CHINUA ACHEBE (1930-2013)

 CHINUA ACHEBE (1930-2013)

Chinua Achebe of Nigeria was one of the most famous 20th Century African writers.  He published his first novel Things Fall Apart in 1958 and has since published four more novels and a series of short stories, essays, and other literature.  Much of Achebe’s work focuses on the themes of colonialism, post-colonialism, and the tumultuous political atmosphere in post colonial Nigeria.

ACHEBE, CHINUA (1930– ). Born in Ogidi, in Anambra State, Achebe was baptized Albert Chinualumogu. He is one of Nigeria’s most renowned English-language novelists. He received his bachelor’s degree in literature from the University College (present-day University of Ibadan). Achebe worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (1954–1967). 

In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Nigeria at Nsukka as a literature professor. During the civil war, Achebe worked for the Republic of Biafra. In 1967, he cofounded a publishing company with Christopher Okigbo, who died during the civil war. Many of Achebe’s works touch on Nigerian political issues. 

His famous works include Things Fall Apart (1958), Anthills of the Savannah (1987), and No Longer at Ease (1960). After the war, he worked as the director of African Studies at the University of Nigeria at Enugu. During the 1970s, he taught at several different universities in the United States. He spent the next 20 years living in both the United States and Nigeria, holding various positions such as director of Heinemann (Nigeria). 

Achebe was a member of the People’s Redemption Party. In 1990, he was paralyzed from the waist down by a serious car accident in Nigeria. 

Achebe has received numerous awards, including the Margaret Wong Prize, the New Statesman “Jock” Campbell Prize, and the Commonwealth Poetry Prize (1972). He has also received several honorary doctorates from international universities.

Chinua Achebe died in Boston on March 22, 2013.  He was 82.

Rest in peace legend...

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RIEF HISTORY OF MODAKEKE TOWN IN OSUN STATE

One such story is the common Ife and Modakeke war of 1835–2000, which according to history was one of the longest intra-ethnic wars in Yorubaland. According to legend, Ifes and Modakekes are the sons and daughters of the same parents. Their ancestors can be traced back to Oduduwa, the Yoruba race’s progenitor.

Modakeke is a town in Osun State, South-West Nigeria, with nearly 300,000 inhabitants who are predominantly farmers and warriors. The town is about 45 kilometres from Osogbo, capital of Osun State and 90 kilometres from Ibadan in Oyo a state. Modakeke came into existence in 1945 after the fall of the Oyo Empire, below is a brief history of Modakeke town.

The whole of Yorubaland was thrown into chaos and confusion after the Oyo Empire fell to the Fulanis in 1835. The inhabitants of Oyo ran for safety and therefore were dispersed across Yorubaland, some founding new settlements and others, joining existing settlements like Ile-Ife. A group of Oyo refugees settled in Ile-Ife to begin a new life which unknowing to them will later birth the town called Modakeke.

On getting to Ile-Ife, they have already lost all their possessions and then took up menial jobs in the town. They also got recruited in the Ife army and it was through their bravery that Ife had its territory extended to Alakowe, its present boundary with Ilesa. They started growing and producing different types of food crops on farmlands given to them by their Ife people.

The then reigning Ooni of Ife, Oba Akinmoyero, received the Oyo refugees well and later gave them an expanse of land to live. The name Modakeke was adopted after consultation with the oracle which directed them to go to Ebu-Alako near Oke-Owu where they met a swarm of Ako (Stork) birds. The name was derived from the cries of the storks (Mo-da-ke-ke-ke-ke). This is also the origin of the appellation Akoraye (the stork has a place) and since the founding of Modakeke, eighteen traditional heads known as ‘Ogunsua’ had ruled the town.

Ife and Modekeke Crisis
There have been controversies about the conflict between these two parties, which to date has remained a discussion in the Yoruba lineage. Historians believe that the major causes of their conflict (Ife and Modakeke) were land ownership, payment of land rent (Isakole), the establishment of local government, and the placement of its headquarters, all of which are reflected in cultural identity, economics, and politics. The most prominent causes were the creation of local government and the location of its headquarters.

The Yoruba see Ife as their source, and they regard the Modakekes as their ‘landlords.’ Following the collapse of the Old Oyo empire in the 19th century, the latter migrated to the area. This was the underlying element in the Yoruba ethnic conflict that resulted in the deaths of thousands of people.

How was the Ife-Modakeke Conflict resolved?
In March 2000, Nigerian former President Olusegun Obasanjo announced a government-brokered truce and the formation of a 27-member peace committee in an effort to settle the long fight over land rights. In addition, the two towns were subjected to a dusk-to-dawn curfew, and hundreds of armed riot police were sent to enforce the truce.

A peace accord was also struck in February 2009 between Ife and Modakeke. The Ogunsua of Modakeke was elevated to the rank of Oba as a result of this peace deal. Also, the Osun State Government, the Ooni of Ife, Oba Okunade Sijuwade, Olubuse II, and the Ogunsua of Modakeke, Francis Adedoyin, signed the deal.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF IWO LAND IN OSUN STATE

 BRIEF HISTORY OF IWO LAND IN OSUN STATE

Iwo is one of the ancient towns in Yorubaland. Its early history like the history of most Yoruba kingdoms, started at Ile-Ife early in the 11th century. Tradition relate that Adekola Telu, son of the sixteenth Ooni of Ife, Queen Luwo Gbagida, who migrated from Obalooran’s compound in Ile-Ife after the death of his mother. 

Prince Adekola Telu left Ile-Ife with a host of attendants headed to the unknown when they left Ile-Ife. However, his first settlement was at a place called Ogundigbaro which was a place located at the confluence of River Oba and River Osun. After a number of years at this settlement, they were forced to leave the place due to constant flooding.

After consultation with Ifa Oracle they moved to Erunmu District where they could not remain for a long time because of the depredation of wild animals around the area (Alademomi Kenyan). The sojourners then moved to Igbo-Orita from where, after a long time they proceeded to settle finally at Ile-Iwo.  It's claimed that Adekola Telu died at Igbo Orita. The site was a distance of about six (6) kilometres from the centre of the preset Iwo (Ibadan Iwo Garage).

Three descendants of Telu reigned here. They were Rounmu (who probably led the group there), ganfenumodi and Jikanmu (who had the most eventful reign). A separate account stated that while it was epidemic that sent them packing, they consulted Ifa oracle before leaving. Ifa therefore ordered them to leave Igbo Orita for a place where Eye Odidere (Parrot) abounded. It was on their way that Jikanmu fell sick and was being carried along by a man named Aimaku. Gossip House

As fate would have it, Jikanmu eventually gave up the ghost very near a river, which has today being named Adeke River (River where the King died – Obadeke) today. The man who was credited for founding the present Iwo was Olumade Parin. Parin had taken over from Jikanmu after his death, and had led the people to where Parrot is abounded. It was on their way that Jikanmu fell sick and was being carried along by a man named Aimaku.

The man who was credited for founding the present Iwo was Olumade Parin. Parin had taken over from Jikanmu after his death, and had led the people to where Parrot is abounded. That was how Parin became the first Oluwo in around 17th century.

Their kings are great by the successes achieved in war time. Their nobles show their nobility by their achievements at the war front. However, while Iwo shared similar sentiment of having a strong connection with Ile-Ife, the cradle of the Yoruba race, the reason for their migration is far from wars but that of direct and willing migration from Ile-Ife. Iwo is located round towns and major settlements which includes Asa, Oluponna, Ile-Ogbo, Ogbaagba, Kuta, Telemu, Ikire-Ile, Bode-Osi, Ajagba, Ajagunlase and Ikonifin just to mention a few. 

The rulers of these aforementioned settlements pay traditional homage to the Oluwo of Iwoland, the paramount ruler in the area. It must therefore be noted with satisfaction that people of Iwo and its environs co-exist peacefully together while believers of Christian, Islamic and Traditional religions intermingle among one another without problem.

May God Bless Iwo Land

Sansa Wasiu S. 

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History Of Ile-Ogbo Town

 History Of Ile-Ogbo Town

Ileogbo is the headquarters of Aiyedire Local Government in Osun State, Nigeria. It is situated midway between Ibadan and Osogbo, the capitals of Oyo and Osun State. Ibadan is about 44 km to the south of Ileogbo while Osogbo is about 42 km to its north, Oyo 40 km to its west, while Gbongan and Ife are located to the east of the town.

The name Ileogbo comes from an old Yoruba folk tale that the people in this town had a very long life span. Ileogbo means the land of the old. The settlers in this town used to have a saying "Ile Ogbo mi ni mo de yi" (meaning the place where I will live till I am very old), and the name was later shortened to Ileogbo.

Ileogbo is one of the famous Yoruba land with its famous cultural activities and tradition,

Ore (ileogbo Ilu ore, omo arepo panda) said to be the protector of ileogbo citizen both home and abroad. Ore festival comes once a year and it attracts people far and wide. Ore tree is as strange as finding a lion in a hole dug in the ground that harbors a rat. When you account for the mother of whom her child's biography is shoddy, its sound unbelievable. But such is the feature of the cradle of a sacred Oore Tree located in Ileogbo.

Ileogbo, inarguably is a product of Ore Tree. The tree, because of its peculiarity, is a pointer to the seating of Ileogbo, the headquarters of Ayedire Local Government in Osun State. The tree life span is uncertain as the first settlers are younger than Ore tree.

The tree was located circa 1840 subsequent to a spiritual consultation with oracle by Kuseela, the only surviving Prince of the war between Fulani and Ileogbo in 1822. Ileogbo was checkmated by Fulanis in 1822, thus, the former site became desolated. After the clash between the troops of Alaafin and the Fulanis in Osogbo in 1840, tranquility returned to the affected Yoruba towns, Ileogbo inclusive. The development triggered Kuseela, consulted an oracle and was divined that he stops, with his entourage where ever he finds a tree tied with white cloth. It was divined that he, with his people shall organize a prosperous kingdom.

Tradition had it that the tree is manned by a male (Baba Abore) and a female (Iya Abore) appointed on the advice of the king. One of the past Iya Abore from Olukoun's compound nicknamed the tree Alhaja Jabaru. This name is not unconnected with the female spirit the tree is said to shelter. Some traditionalists considered Ore as a strong protection against any havoc in Ileogbo. The tree does not shed its leaves under its shade.

Eegun festival (masquerade) it is festivity that draws people from other towns and cities to Ileogbo.

Igbo festival is a must see tradition where young and old, men and women, boys and girls loyal to Igbo festival will be flogging themselves publicly in the city center.

Ileogbo has some private and public secondary schools like Luther King’s college ileogbo, Community High School, Ileogbo, African church grammar school, kuta/ileogbo others are Royal ambassador international college, ileogbo, Omoloye group of schools, ileogbo, Daarul-Hikmah Islamic School, Glorious group of schools, ileogbo and lots more

Aiyedire is a Local Government Area, one of the thirty Local Government Areas in Osun State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is located at 1, Col Ogunkanmi Road in the town of Ileogbo at 7°47′00″N 4°12′00″E. Hon. Adeboye Mukaila Oladejo had been its Chairman since 2017.

Aiyedire Local Government Area is divided into four districts namely Ile Ogbo, Kuta, Oke Osun (Alabata), and Olupona. For efficient administration purposes, Aiyedire South, a Local Council Development Area (LCDA) was created out of Aiyedire and headed by Hon. Olufemi Idowu.

This Local Government Area is located in the western axis of Osun state. It is bounded by Ejigbo, Ola Oluwa, Irewole, Ayedaade and Iwo Local Government Areas. It has an area of 262 km² and a population of 75,846 at the 2006 national census. It features two distinct seasons, the dry and rainy seasons. The average temperature of Aiyedire is put at 28.5° centigrade while the humidity of the area is estimated at 60 percent. Wind speed across Aiyedire is put at 10 km/h.

Farming is the predominant economic activity. Cocoa is a major cash crop cultivated in the area solely or in combination with other agricultural crops such as coffee, cassava, palm oil, kola nut, maize, pineapple and yam.

Trade is an important feature of the economic lives of the people with markets such as the Alaya main market and the Mosun market providing access for the exchange of a wide range of goods and services. Hunting and crop cultivation are other important economic enterprises engaged by the locals.

Sacred Idi-Oore Tree

The tree is famed a pointer to the seating of Ileogbo, the headquarters of Ayedire Local Government in Osun State. The tree life span is uncertain as the first settlers are younger than it. The tree was located circa 1840 subsequent to a spiritual consultation with oracle by Prince Kuseela, the only surviving monarch from the war between Fulani and Ileogbo in 1822 where they were defeated. In 1840, as tranquility returned, it triggered Kuseela, to consult an oracle for a new abode as the former settlement was desolate. The oracle divined that he stops, with his entourage where ever he finds a tree tied with white cloth. It was divined that he, with his people shall organize a prosperous kingdom. Prince Kuseela contacted the tree, weeded its surrounding, settled near at Akinmoyero`s compound and invited people from far and near and subsequently multiplied to about eighty two compounds with numerous suburb.

Tradition had it that the tree is manned by a male (Baba Abore) and a female (Iya Abore) appointed on the advice of the king. One of the past Iya Abore from Olukoun`s compound nicknamed the tree Alhaja Jabaru. This name is not unconnected with the female spirit the tree is said to shelter. Some traditionalists considered Oore as a strong protection against any havoc in Ileogbo. The tree does not shed its leaves under its shade.

Cultural activities

Anlugbua is celebrated annually. Anlugbua Akindele, a famous hunter and warrior was a progenitor that led his people from Orile-Owu to Owu-Kuta, where they are presently settled. He left Orile-Owu because he was not given the chance to reign after his father’s passage. His younger brother was made to ascend the throne, which angered him. So, he left and later settled in a place called Ikutamiti (I evaded death). It is Ikutamiti that was shortened to Kuta. After a reign of 300 years, he decided to sink to the ground, instead of dying physically. The spot where he entered into the ground is where is annually converged to celebrate. The place is now a local historical site.

The shrine is a sacred groove about three kilometres away from the town and inaccessible by vehicle and tucked inside the Anlugbua forest. Some of the rites are the sacrifices of live ram and dog in addition to pounded yam and okro/ogbono soup at the shrine. Persons who wear certain tribal marks called keke are forbidden from entering Anlugbua.

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Ile-Ife is the Oldest Kingdom in Nigeria, Not Bini

 Ile-Ife is the Oldest Kingdom in Nigeria, Not Bini 

Ile-Ife Kingdom is the Oldest Kingdom in Nigeria and 2nd oldest Kingdom after Sahelian kingdom of Ghana in West Africa which was recorded from 11th century.

Some historical evidence prove that Ile-Ife was 4th Century while others said Ile-Ife has been in existence in the history of mankind, and the proof shouldn't be known to anyone or recorded.

Greek Historian, Herodotus, the father of History who lived from 4824 BC until 424 BC said about Ife: " According to history there were five ancient cities in Africa between 3000 and 1000 BC of which one was Ife".

According to BBC UK, The kingdom of Ife developed in the rainforest in the 600s. Its art and religion influenced the culture of Benin, which began in the 900s and reached the height of its power between the 1400s 

Between 700 and 1600, there were three great empires in the centre of West Africa: Ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhai.They all grew immensely rich by trading in gold. One of the last great kingdoms was Asante. It was founded around 1700. The Asante people were famous for their work in gold.

The Bini Kingdom that was later destroyed by the British was formed in 1170CE. Bini Kingdom was a neighbouring Kingdom to Ile-Ife Kingdom, and this is why in the history of bini today, the Ruler that established Obaship in bini was from Ile-Ife (Olumense 1971) etc.

The largest ethnic in West Africa sources from Ile-Ife ranging from Nigeria, Benin Republic, Ghana, Gambia etc. The root of some of these ancient tribes in West African countries were traced to Ile-Ife. 

Father of history Herodotus, put in his record that the Europeans only attacked Bini kingdom due to disagreement, it is not that there are no other neighbouring kingdoms. If there were no neighbouring kingdom, then the prince of Ile-Ife wont be invited by bini people to rule over their land.

Ile-Ife remains where it is today in a place now called Western Nigeria, but we can see majority of tribes even outside Nigeria tracing their roots to ile-ife. History reveals that Ile-Ife has been existing before historian started putting it in record. Ile-Ife wasn't created by any ruler or king. It was a forest before it was established by the inhabitant and records were taken.

By Prof. Omodion Imafidon

Nigeria, West Africa.

Ibn al-Haytham is Considered by Many to be the World’s first scientist

 Born in 965 CE, Ibn al-Haytham is considered by many to be the world’s first scientist. He also invented the camera obscura, the earliest avatar of the modern digital camera that you carry around in your pocket.

What, you may wonder, does a man who lived a thousand years ago, have to do with the camera in your phone? Everything.

Born in 965 CE, Ibn al-Haytham is considered by many to be the world's first scientist. He also invented the camera obscura, the earliest avatar of the modern digital camera that you carry around in your pocket.

Known in the Western world as Alhazen, he is considered to be the first scientist because his are the oldest recorded writings describing what we know today as the scientific process: devising a hypothesis, and using physical experiments or mathematical proofs to affirm or reject it. Until recently, much of the Western world believed that this scientific method was developed independently by scholars of the European renaissance beginning in the 12th or 13th centuries. It is now widely acknowledged that Muslim scientists like al-Haytham, al-Biruni and Ibn Sina were applying this approach in the 11th century to a variety of fields of study, including optics, mineralogy, and medicine.

Al-Haytham worked for many years under the patronage of the Ismaili Imam and Fatimid Caliph Hazrat al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, in Cairo. It was in following the scientific method of physically testing his hypothesis of how the eye works that he discovered the camera obscura, which is the latin term for a dark room or box with a hole in it through which light shines, projecting an image from one side to the other. This is also known as the pinhole camera.

Although the principles of the camera obscura existed since before his time, Ibn al-Haytham was the first scholar to clearly understand, analyse and use these principles. The earliest clear description of this concept, and also the principles of refraction of light, were found in al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir (known in English as The Optics). It is this understanding of vision that led to the invention of the modern camera.

Ibn al-Haytham wrote over 200 scientific works in subjects ranging from astronomy, medicine, and mathematics to philosophy, but his greatest achievements are attributed to the field of physics and optics. He is best known for Kitab al-Manazir and his pioneering work in physics earned him the nickname ‘The Physicist' in medieval Europe. The Aga Khan University honours his critical contributions to the study of the process of sight, the structure of the eye, and how we see by the establishment of the Ibn-e-Haitham Professorship. The university also plans to establish an academic department in Ophthalmology.

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Home Pre-degree LASU RELEASES PRE-DEGREE ADMISSION FORM FOR 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

 

Home Pre-degree LASU RELEASES PRE-DEGREE ADMISSION FORM FOR 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

LASU RELEASES PRE-DEGREE ADMISSION FORM FOR 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

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Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates for admission into the Lagos State University Pre–Degree Studies (PDS) Programme, which shall commence in October, 2022. The Programme shall run for One (1) Academic Session, beginning from October, 2022, to September, 2023. It is an intensive programme to prepare candidates with deficiency in their O’Level result to successfully re-sit for the Examination and also prepare them for Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination [UTME] for admission into the 100 Level Degree programmes of Lagos State University. The Programme is located at the Lagos State University, Epe Campus.

2.0 WHY PRE-DEGREE STUDIES (PDS)?

Candidates who sit at home to write JAMB will struggle for admission in the general admission process but PDS students who pass their JAMB will secure admission on the PDS quota provided by the Lagos State University.

2.1 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS:

(a) Candidates must have Credits Pass in at least three (3) subjects (i. e. any of Mathematics, English Language, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Government, Economics, Literature in English, Christian Religious Studies (CRS). Islamic Religious Studies (IRS) and Accounting) in the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination, GCE or NECO at NOT more than two (2) sittings.

(b) Candidates who meet the admission requirements will be invited for a written qualifying examination.

The subjects to be offered are:

1. Mathematics

2. English Language

3. Physics

4. Chemistry

5. Biology

6. Government

7. Economics

8. Literature in English

9. Christian Religious Studies (CRS)

10. Islamic Religious Studies (IRS)

11. Accounting

3.0 CRITERIA FOR TRANSITING TO 100 LEVEL:

For transition to 100 Level, each candidate is expected to sit for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) and also OBTAIN the minimum JAMB Cut Off Mark for the University Admission, as well as comply with the University Screening Test as may be prescribed. In addition, all CANDIDATES with deficiencies in their O’level result are to REGISTER for WAEC and /or NECO, and are expected to pass all the relevant deficient subjects. Successful Candidates are eligible to be allocated to the 100 Level Courses of related Faculties/Schools/College: Engineering, Science, Management Sciences, Education, Social Sciences, Law, Agriculture, Transport, Mass Communication, Nursing, Dentistry and College of Medicine, at the end of the Programme.

THE CURRENT PERFORMANCE

The performance of our current Pre-Degree Candidates in the 2022 UTME is proof that their exposure to rigourous teaching and CBT practice were responsible for tremendous success both in quality and quantity. 79,7% had 200 and above.

4.0 METHOD OF APPLICATION:

A. ONLINE PAYMENT

i. Prospective candidates should visit https://www.lasu.edu.ng and point to STUDENT. Then click on NEW APPLICANT. Scroll down and click on LASU-PDS to pre-enroll an get an application number. On getting the application number, you will be re-directed to the LASU E-payment portal (https://www.lasu.edu.ng/epyment) for the payment of application fee of Fifteen Thousand Naira (N15,000:00) only for the 2022/2023 LASU Pre–Degree Studies.

ii. After payment, Candidates should proceed to register online.

5.0 CLOSING DATE:

Six (6) weeks from the date of this publication.

6.0 DATE FOR QUALIFYING EXAMINATION AND INTERVIEW:

The date for the Qualifying Examination and Interview for the Successful Candidates for the 2022/2023 Calendar Year, will be announced later.

7.0 DISCLAIMER:

Any applicant who pays money to any individual/other account / or through other means aside from the one above, does so, to his/her own disadvantage.

8.0 GENERAL INFORMATION:

The programme is residential. Candidates offered admission into the programme will be accommodated at the Epe Campus of the Lagos State University. Candidates are to visit: www.lasu.edu.ng for more information about the programme.

SIGNED

Mr. Mohammed, O. AMUNI

Registrar and Secretary to Council

History of Egbado People of Ogun State

History of Egbado People of Ogun State

The Egbado appear to have migrated - possibly from the Ketu, Ile-Ife, or Oyo - to their current area early in the 18th century.

Egbado towns, most importantly Ilaro, Ayetoro, Afon, Imeko, Ipokia and Igbogila, were established in the 18th century to take advantage of the slave trade routes from the inland Oyo empire to the coast at Porto-Novo.

Other towns were Ilobi and Ijanna, which were strategic in protecting the flanks of the slaving routes. The Egbados' were subject to the rule of the Oyo kingdom, which managed them via governor Onisare of Ijanna.

The Oyo were unable to deploy their cavalry force to protect the routes, due to tsetse fly and lack of horse-fodder and thus had to rely on the Egbado people to manage the routes. 

The historians Akinjogbin, Morton-Williams and Smith all agree that by the early 18th century this route to the coast was heavily engaged in slave trading, and that slaves were the mainstay of the Oyo economy.

The Egbado later achieved a fragile independence after the fall of the Oyo kingdom, but were subject to frequent attacks from other groups such as the slave-raiding Dahomey (who seized, among others, Princess Sara Forbes Bonetta), and various tribes who wished to force open their own slave-trading routes to the sea.

Ilaro and Ijanna towns had been destroyed by the 1830s. By the 1840s the Egbado had come under the control of the adjacent Egba group, who used the Egbado territory to forge routes to Badagry and the port of Lagos.

By the 1860s the Egba abandoned the route because the British were actively using their formidable navy to try to abolish the slave trade. Consequently, the Egba expelled British missionaries and traders from the area in 1867.

After 1890 the Egbado asked for a British protectorate and got a small armed garrison, thus becoming independent of the Egba. The area became part of the British Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914, as Egbado Division in Abeokuta Province. 

The administrative headquarters were later transferred away, after the creation of the new Ogun State subsumed the old Abeokuta Province.

The modern Egbado/Yewa 

In 1995 the Egbado chose to rename themselves the "Yewa", after the name of the Yewa River that passes through the area they inhabit. They are primarily agriculturalists, but there is some artisan and textile processings.

They are located mainly in the areas of: Ado-Odo/Ota, Ipokia, Yewa South, Yewa North, Imeko Afon, and part of Abeokuta North.

There were complaints that the system of patronage and nepotism in Nigerian politics has caused the area to be neglected in terms of investment[citation needed].

The area developed a popular style of music, called Bolojo, in the 1970s. The population level is uncertain, but may be  around 400,000.

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SHETTIMA KASHIM IBRAHIM: THE LAST CIVILIAN GOVERNOR OF NORTHERN NIGERIA

 SHETTIMA KASHIM IBRAHIM: THE LAST CIVILIAN GOVERNOR OF NORTHERN NIGERIA

Kashim Ibrahim was the first and last indigenous civilian governor of the Northern Region of Nigeria until the military coup of January 15, 1966.

Undoubtedly, one of the most turbulent times for Sir Kashim Ibrahim was when he had to act as a mediator during the power tussle between the Sardauna of Sokoto and Emir of Kano in 1963 which saw the latter banished to Azare, present-day, Bauchi State. As the last civilian Governor of Northern Nigeria, he instituted many reforms and saw to the growth of Northern Nigeria until his tenure was terminated in the January coup of 1966.

✔Early Life and Education

Sir Kashim Ibrahim was born at Yerwa, the old quarter of Maiduguri, capital of Borno state, to Ibrahim Lakanmi on June 10, 1910. Born into the aristocracy of the famous Kingdom of Borno, Kashim Ibrahim, a Kanuri man, attended Koranic school, necessary for the traditional office of Shettima for which he was groomed by his father. He was to take this office (overseer of traditional judicial officers) in 1935 and became known as Shettima Kashim Ibrahim from then on.

Kashim Ibrahim proceeded to Borno Provincial School and then, from 1925 to 1929, to the famous Katsina Teacher Training college, now Barewa College, Zaria, where almost all the prominent Western-educated men of the first generation in northern Nigeria went. He qualified as a teacher there and then taught at the Borno Provincial School.

He became a visiting Teacher from 1938 to 1947 and an Education Officer from 1947 to 1949. His educational works included considerable expansion of schools in Borno, the creation of the Maiduguri Teachers’ College in 1952, and the writing of primary school textbooks in Kanuri and the English languages. Sir Kashim Ibrahim believed so greatly in Western education, which he made sure all his children received.

✔Career

Shettima Kashim, as he was always known then, naturally became one of the more prominent Northern Region politicians. Among the founders of the Northern People’s Congress, NPC, he was elected to the Northern Region House of Assembly in 1951 and from there to the Federal House of Representatives, where he served from 1952 to 1955. Later, he was in the Federal Senate.

He was the Federal Minister of Social Services in 1952-1953 and a Federal Minister of Education from 1953 to 1955. In 1955 he joined Sir Ahmadu Bello’s Northern Regional Government in Kaduna as Minister of Social Welfare, Cooperatives, and Surveys.

In 1956, however, he returned to Maiduguri to assume the traditional office of Waziri of the Emirate of Borno after two previous Waziris had been forced to resign as a result of scandals in the Borno local administration. He carried out very necessary reforms in the traditional local government.

In 1960, he was pioneer chairman of the provisional council of the University of Northern Nigeria, later Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, for the two years before the new university opened in 1962. Supported by Sir Ahmadu Bello, he laid solid foundation for the University in Zaria.

✔Governor of Northern Nigeria

In 1962, he was appointed the first Nigerian Governor of the Northern Region succeeding Sir Gawain Westray Bell (1909-1995) and was Knighted by the Queen of England in the same year. Unfortunately, that rule ended with Nigeria’s first military coup d’état of January 15, 1966. Kashim Ibrahim was arrested but later released unharmed by the coup plotters. He remained indoors in Maiduguri thereafter without attending any public functions.

✔Kashim Ibrahim Death

Though, Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim later served as Chancellor of the University of Ibadan from 1966 to 1977, and then as chancellor of the University of Lagos from 1977 to 1984, he did not return to politics.

He was denied his pension as a former Governor, acquired little material wealth and had only one house in Maiduguri, of which the larger part he donated for schooling.

Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim died on Wednesday, July 25, 1990 in Maiduguri. He was 80.

Many places, institutions and monuments were named after him, one of which is the Kashim Ibrahim College of Education, Maiduguri, Borno State.

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HISTORY OF BADAGRY

HISTORY OF BADAGRY

Badagry, a coastal community in Lagos State, prides itself as cradle of civi­lization in Nigeria. Believed to have been founded in 1425 A.D, the town derived its name from the fusion of the name of its founder, a famous farm­er known as Agbedeh and the word “Greme”, which means farm in Ogu (Egun) language. Originally, the name of the town which is situated between the city of Lagos, and the bor­der of Republic of Benin at Seme was said to have evolved from the dual corruption of Agbedegreme (which means Agbedeh’s farm in “Ogu” lan­guage) to Agbedagari and from Agbedagari to Badagry by Yoruba settlers and European slave traders respectively.

Badagry is a monarchy headed by the Wheno Aholuship, a king­ship head by the Akran of Badagry and his seven white cap high chiefs. The white cap chiefs administer the eight quarters which Badagry is di­vided into. These divisions are Aho­vikoh, Boekoh, Jegba, Posukoh, Awhanjigo, Asago, Whalako and Ganho. These quarters and the fam­ilies that ruled them played promi­nent roles in the slave trade business with the Europeans and Brazilians.

Around 1600, the ancient city of Badagry was reputed as a thriving community for trade in salt. But this legitimate trade soon gave way to the obnoxious slave trade and for its first four hundred years of exis­tence, slave trade dominated all oth­er commercial interests in Badagry. The town became host to European slave traders led by George Fre­emingo, a Portuguese slave mer­chant who came to Badagry around 1660s. By 1740 Badagry had be­come a thriving town for slave trade. It grew to an important com­mercial centre flourishing on the export of slaves through the creeks and lagoon.

Effort to stop the obnoxious trade received a major boost when the treaty for the abolition of slave trade was signed in March 1852 be­tween England and Badagry chiefs. Some cannons of war were donat­ed to the chiefs to be placed at the coastal area to fight other European countries that were still coming to get slaves. However, the trade con­tinued illegally and the export of slaves steadily increased. The Bra­zilians became the major slave mer­chants during this period. Howev­er, in 1888 the last ship left Badagry to Brazil and this marked the end of the trade in Badagry, Brazil and around the world.

From the 1840s, following the suppression of slave trade Badagry declined significantly and would later become a major site of Chris­tian missionary work. Christiani­ty was first preached in Nigeria in Badagry in 1842 by Rev Thomas Birch Freeman, who equally cele­brated the first Christmas in Nigeria the following year. The site where Christianity was first preached then is now known as the Agiya Tree Monument. The 160 ft tall Agiya tree was felled by a heavy wind­storm in 1959. To underscore the significance of this site, the Agiya Tree Monument was set up on the same parcel of land where the tree stood.

The first educational system in Nige­ria as a British colony started in Badagry where the first primary school was estab­lished by the Wesleyan Mission (Meth­odist Church) in 1843 and named Nurs­ery of Infant Church which later became St. Thomas’ Anglican Nursery and Pri­mary School, founded by Rev. Golmer of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1845 and operated inside the first storey building in Badagry.

A number of other historical facilities including educational institutions later sprang up in Badagry until 1955 when the missionaries left the town uncere­moniously due to a misunderstanding between them and the natives. In 1863, Badagry was annexed by the United Kingdom and incorporated into the La­gos Colony. In 1901 it became a part of Nigeria.

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MEET THE FIRST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE FROM NORTHERN NIGERIA; ABDULAZIZ ATTA.

 MEET THE FIRST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE FROM NORTHERN NIGERIA; ABDULAZIZ ATTA.

Abdul Aziz Atta was born on April 1st, 1920 at Lokoja. His father was Alhaji Ibrahim Onoruoiza Atta, a paramount traditional Ruler in Ebira land, Kwara State{Now Kogi State}.

He was educated at Okene Elementary and Middle Schools between 1926 and 1935. In 1936 he entered Achimota College, Ghana, and studied there until 1944 when he went to Balliol College, Oxford , England, graduating in 1947 in Politics, Philosophy and Economics.

Atta returned to Nigeria in 1948 and joined the government service as Cadet Administrative Officer in the then Unified Nigeria Public Service. He served in Calabar, Opobo, Ikot-Ekpene and former Southern Cameroons, all then under the Eastern Region. He continued to serve in the Eastern Region even after the division of the Public Service.

He was District Officer in Umuahia before becoming the Private Secretary of Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe , Premier of the Eastern region. Thereafter, he was Secretary to the Agent-General for the Region in Britain; Training Officer in the Regional Ministry of Finance, Enugu; and Secretary for Anang Province. He moved to the Federal Public Service as Administrative Officer, Class II, in 1958 and was promoted to Permanent Secretary in 1960, and headed in turn the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Industries and Ministry of Finance. 

He occupied the important post of Permanent Secretary, Finance, from 1966 through the years of civil war with all its effect on the country's economy[3] . In December 1970, he was appointed Administrative Officer (Principal Grade) and became Secretary to the Federal Military Government and Head of the Federal Civil Service.

He had four daughters and a son by his wife Iyabo Atta.

One of his brothers, Alhaji Abdul Malik Atta was Nigeria's first High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Atta died on 12th June, 1972 at the Royal Free Hospital, London, after two years in the highest administrative position in Nigeria, and was buried in Kuroko.

May Allah grant him Aljana firdausi.

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THE STORY OF ALAJO-SOMOLU

 THE STORY OF ALAJO-SOMOLU

Late ALPHAEUS TAIWO OLUNAIKE popularly known as "ALAJO SOMOLU".

Alphaeus Taiwo Olunaike is not a name that many Nigerians are familiar with. But once you mention Alajo Somolu, the eyes of millions of Nigerians will light up. Yes, they are more familiar with this name!

He was born on September 16, 1915 in the tiny city of Isan-Oyin (now called Isonyin); close to Ijebu-Musin and Ijebu-Ode in Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria. Alajo Somolu was just three years of age when he lost his father. However, he was able to proceed with his education. He started his primary education at the Emmanuel Primary School, Ijebu-Isonyin. He had not finished his education at his small hamlet when his paternal uncle, Torimoro came and took him to Lagos where he was able to further his education. He arrived in Lagos and he was enrolled at the St. Johns School, Aroloya. From there, he proceeded to the Christ Church Cathedral School, Lagos, and finished there in 1934.

Two years after his education, he was enrolled as an apprentice under a tailor named Rojaye. He was a tailor-in-training for nine good years before he got his ‘freedom’. When he started working as a tailor, he noticed that the income was not just going to be sustainable for him and he needed an alternative and fast.Therefore, when the younger brother of his late dad, Torimoro , was going to Cameroon on a commercial trip, Alajo Somolu decided he would also seize the opportunity and go along. And so it was that in 1950, Alajo Somolu went to Cameroon. 

Upon reaching there, he unleashed the ferocious entrepreneurial spirit that was in him. A very determined fellow, he tried his hands on various tasks and duties in Cameroon. He sold goods and newspapers; tried his hands on many ventures.

In Cameroon, one of his neighbours was a

thrift collector and told our young friend about the business. The details immediately caught his fancy. As a result, by the time he returned to Nigeria in 1954, he already had it in mind that he was going to start the business of ajo gbigba (thrift collection). He was 39 at that time. Before he left Cameroon, he took with him a copy of the thrift collection card used by his Cameroonian neighbour.

Upon reaching Nigeria, he made his own copies of the card and he named his own venture ‘ Popular Daily Alajo Somolu‘.

In September 1954, Alajo Somolu went out for the first time to collect thrift from his clients. He had launched his business and he had great hopes. Unfortunately, not a single person patronised him that first day. Many of the market women even taunted him saying he would simply collect their money and vanish into the thin air. But he was not discouraged with the negative atmosphere. He persisted in riding his bicycle from stall to stall, from shop to shop until some of the market women pitied him and decided to give him a trial and gave steady contributions of some kobos.

At the end of the first month, all his clients got their money complete with not a penny missing! Baba Alajo too also made his own profit and he was doubly delighted: his clients had renewed hope in him and the new business was actually more lucrative than the tailoring he was doing. With time, the news of his honesty, transparency and hard work spread and his clients swelled in number. Baba Alajo’s prosperity too also shone! He built his first house at No 10, Odunukan Street in Ijesa. He later sold the house and built another in the Owotutu area, Bariga, Lagos.

In a shortwhile, his fame spread like wildfire. He was the thrift collector for the entire axis covering Awolowo Market, Oyingbo Market, Olaleye, Mile 12, Ojuwoye, Baba Oloosa, Sangross and, of course, in Somolu (Shomolu) from whence he got his nickname. His customers fell in love with him for his truthfulness, his ability to save them from financial ruins by providing life-saving loans and most importantly, for his outstanding memory.

He did not use a calculator and there were no computers either. The most amazing part of his prodigious memory was the thoroughness of it. He did not only pay back the exact amount to his clients, he also paid them back with the same notes and coins that they contributed with! He was so exact that if a client should write down the number on his notes, he would be astonished to get the same notes back at the end of the month. Such brilliance!

Then, people started saying “ORI E PE TI ALAJO SOMOLU, TO FI ODIDI ODUN META GBAJO LAI KO ORUKO ENI KANKAN SILE, TI KO SI SIWO FUN ENIKENI”.

– “Your brain is as sharp as that of Alajo Somolu, who collected thrift for three years and paid back all his customers without writing down a single name and without making a single mistake with the payment”. Anytime one of his vehicles returned after a trip of thrift collection, it would be checked. If the car had depreciated to the point that it is no longer economically viable, he sold them off and bought bicycles instead. Therefore, when people noticed that one of his vehicles was missing and a brand-new vehicle had appeared instead, they would say: “Alajo Somolu has sold his car to buy a bicycle!” “ORI E PE BI AALAJO SOMOLU, TO TA MOTO, TO FI RA KEKE ”.

But Baba Alajo Somolu knew what he was doing. To him, there was little point in maintaining cars that no longer brought in profit? It was better to sell it and buy more Raleigh bicycles to access all the hitherto inaccessible areas. It is worthy of note that many of his customers stayed with him for decades and many up to the time he died. They described him as a very friendly, reliable and honest man.

He was also praised for his willingness to help others. When he died, one of the other thrift collectors in the area named Oladini Olatunji gave this testimonial. He said that there was a time he ran into financial trouble with his business. This became a huge debt on him. He said that it was baba Alajo Somolu that helped him pay off the entire debt and saved him from bankruptcy. Furthermore, this man never told a soul. For this and many more, all other thrift collectors looked up to him as their father figure and even held the alajo (thrift collector) meetings in his home.

Alajo Somolu continued his job with joy until 2010 when he was 95 years old. At this age, his children pleaded with him to retire. Much as he tried to, customers continued to bring their monthly payments to his home!

On the 11th of August, 2012, Baba Alajo Somolu breathed his last. Surrounded by family and clients who had become family, he passed due to old age. 

A legend indeed!

Rest in peace 

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143 years ago today in 1879, Prince Imperial Napoléon IV, heir to the Bonaparte monarchy is killed during the Anglo-Zulu War.

 143 years ago today in 1879, Prince Imperial Napoléon IV, heir to the Bonaparte monarchy is killed during the Anglo-Zulu War.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was born in Paris during the Second French Empire. His father Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was the nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte and seized power in 1852 anointing himself Emperor as Napoléon III. The Second French Empire under his leadership doubled the size of its overseas empire and repaired relations with Great Britain. However in July 1870 Napoléon III would enter into a war with Prussia with no allies and an inferior army. He would be captured in battle and Paris would abandon him declaring the Third Republic of France. The Bonaparte family would go into exile in England where the young Prince Imperial Napoléon IV would receive military training.

 

The young Prince was beloved and popular within political elite circles. He was a serious contender to marry one of Queen Victoria’s daughters, but the Prince first desired to experience military action. After applying great pressure he would get the opportunity to travel to South Africa and assist the British in their ongoing war with the Zulu people. He was attached to the staff of a Colonel in the Royal Engineers but the Prince’s eagerness for action found him volunteering to go along with reconnaissance missions as often as he could. Concerned for his safety, the British assigned personal guards to protect the young reckless Prince.

 

On the morning of June 1st the Prince insisted the reconnaissance mission planned for that day go earlier without full strength. The party dismounted and was resting in an abandoned Zulu village when suddenly 40 Zulu warriors ambushed them. The men escorting the Prince mounted their horses and did not attempt to fight, fleeing for their lives. Napoléon’s horse was spooked and began to run off before he could be fully mounted in the saddle. The Prince held onto a strap as the horse carried him to safety but the strap broke and the horse ran off with his carbine and a sword that belonged to Napoléon I. His right arm was trampled and he pulled out a revolver with his left hand and began to run away, but four Zulu warriors rushed the Prince and one of their assegai was thrown through his leg. The Prince pulled the assegai from his leg and tried to fight with it using his trampled arm while shooting at the oncoming Zulus. He was overwhelmed and killed, and when his body was recovered it had 18 assegai wounds.

 

The Prince’s death sent shockwaves throughout England and France. He was only 23 years old and buried next to his father. His grieving mother made a pilgrimage to the location he was killed. And the best chance for a restoration of the Bonapartist Monarchy had died with him.

 

[Online References]

 

(https://www.historynet.com/the-death-of-a-prince-louis-napoleon-and-the-tragedy-of-the-zulu-war.htm )

 

(https://www.historyandheadlines.com/june-1-1879-the-last-bonaparte/ )

 

(https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/napoleon-eugene-louis-jean-joseph-bonaparte-prince-imperial-1856-1879/ )

Artwork by Paul Jamin

Authored by R.E. Foy

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BRIEF HISTORY AND AMAZING FACTS ABOUT IJEBU PEOPLE

 BRIEF HISTORY AND AMAZING FACTS ABOUT IJEBU PEOPLE

The name “Ijebu-Ode”, according to history, is a com­bination of the names of two persons namely, AJEBU and OLODE who were conspicuous as leaders of the original settlers and founders of the town. OLODE, was said to be a relative of OLU-IWA, the first Ruler of Ijebu. It is diffi­cult to say for certain which of them {AJEBU and OLODE} preceded the other, but tradition has it that Ajebu, Olode and Ajana met on this land, which was uninhabited dense forest. They consulted Ifa Oracle to determine the actual spot on which each one should make his place of abode.. The Oracle directed that Ajebu should go and settle on a spot now known as IMEPE.   

OLODE and AJANA to remain together at a place known today as ITA AJANA.The grave of Ajebu is still marked by a tomb erected by his descendants at Imepe, near Oyingbo market on the Ejinrin Road. Olode's grave is also marked at Olode Street at Ita Ajana Quarter, Ijebu-Ode. The two persons more conspicu­ous among the original settlers being AJEBU and OLODE.The town derived its name from their names, hence "IJEBU-ODE."

Ijebu-Ode town was divided into two main wards namely, Iwade and Porogun. Iwade was divided into two -- Iwade Oke (also called Ijasi) and Iwade Isale; that is, Upper and Lower Iwade (North and South). By this division, there are three wards in Ijebu-Ode town.That was why the town was spoken of as "Iwade - Porogun, ljasi, Keta" unto this day: Iwade oke, lwade Isale and Porogun. Each . Ward was divided into QUARTERS known as "Ituns.” Iwade Oke has four quarters (Ituns); Iwade Isale has thirteen Ouarters (Ituns) and Porogun has eight Quarters (Ituns), making a total of twenty-five (25) Quarters.  

Each Quarter had its own Quarter Head, who was known as 'Oloritun" - the head man of the Quarter. All of them combined were spoken of, or referred to, as the 'Oloritun Medogbon" (twenty-five Olorituns-- Quarter Heads) and they constituted the ancient and traditional IJEBU-ODE TOWN COUNCIL.

Each Quarter Head represents and expresses the views of the people of his Quarter with whom he holds regular meetings to discuss matters affecting general pub­lic interest. The meetings also serve as tribunals in settling minor civil matters.

The traditional twenty-five Quarters of I Ijebu-ode are: 

IWADE OKE 

Ljasi, Ita Ntebo, Odo Egbo, Ita Afin  

IWADE ISALE 

Idomowo, Lyanro, Idele, Ijada, Ipamuren, Ikanigbo, lsoku, Odo Esa, jAgunsebi, Imupa, Ita Ajana

POROGUN

Idewon, Mobayegun, Mobegelu, Ltalapo, ldogi, Isasa, Idomowo, Muja, Ojofa

TRADITIONAL RULERS IN IJEBU-ODE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT                       

* The Orimolusi of Ijebu-Ode

* The Ebunmawe of Ago-Iwoye

* The Limeri of Awa

* The Alaporu of Ilaporu

* The Oloru of Oru-Ijebu

* The Sopenlukale of Oke Sopen

* The Bejeroku of Oke-Agbo

* The Olokine of Ojowo

* The Keegbo of Atikori

* The Abija Parako of Japara

FEW INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT IJEBU PEOPLE 

1. Chief Obafemi Awolowo was the first individual in the modern era to be named Leader of the Yorubas (Asiwaju Omo Oodua)

2. The richest black woman in the world, Mrs Folorunsho Alakija, is an Ijebu woman from Ikorodu, Lagos (waterside Ijebu).

3. Ijebu man was the first Nigerian to play in the English premier league in the early 60s.

4. Ijebu people are famous for Egungun, Agemo, jigbo, Ileya festivals etc.

5. The first people to invent money made from cowry shells, later made Coins called “PANDORO”, which became acceptable through Africa and Europe.

6. Mike Adenuga, an Ijebu man from Ijebu-Igbo, was the first Nigerian to single-handedly own Oil, Mining and Telecommunication (GLO).

7. Ijebu man, late Haruna Ishola, was the first musician to perform outside the shores of Nigeria.

8. Ijebu men, Chief S. O. Shonibare & Chief Shakirudeen Olarewaju Kazeem (Shokas) were the first Nigerians to own private individual housing estates (called Shonibare estate in Lagos. And Shokas Estate/Bobagunwa Castle) of about 40 mansions in Ijebu-Igbo.

9. Ijebu has produced so many musical icons like Haruna Ishola (Ijebu-Igbo), Y.K. Ajadi (Ijebu-Igbo), Popular Jingo (Ijebu-Igbo), Batuli Alake (Ijebu-Igbo), Wasiu Ayinde Marshal, K1 (Ijebu-Ode), Adewale Ayuba (Ikenne), Musiliu Haruna Ishola (Ijebu-Igbo), Kolade Onanuga (Ijebu-Ode), Salawa Abeni (Ijebu-Ode), Wale Thomson (Ijebu-Igbo), etc.

10. The first black man to publish an indigenous Bible with dictionary and concordance was an Ijebu man (Rev. Dr Basil Kayode Balogun ) from Ijebu-Igbo.

11. The Doyen of Theatre, Late Chief Hubert Adedeji Ogunde, was an Ijebu man from Ososa.

12. Ijebu nation has more than 15 tertiary institutions which include OSU/OOU, TASUED, Babcock, Hallmark, South-West, Kinston (Universities), Grace, AAP, Gaposa, Oscotech, Pogil (Polytechnics), Tasce (College of Education), etc.

13. Do you know that Ijebu land (Ijagun) hosts the 1st university of education in Nigeria?

14. Do you know that Ijebu nation share one-third of entire Lagos state starting from Ikorodu to Ketu, Somolu, Palmgrove, Oshodi, Yaba, Epe, Ikeja, etc.?

15. Also, do you know that the Itshekiris (Delta state of Nigeria) are Ijebus?

16. Ijebu is the only tribe in Nigeria that has its origin from the Biblical days.

17. According to the Biblical account; the Jebusites were a Canaanite tribe who inhabited and built Jerusalem before its conquest by King David.

18. Ijebu was the first indigenous Clerk to the European Missionaries.

What a great Nation!

* The Regional capital is Ijebu Ode!!

* The Commercial capital is Sagamu!!!

* The Spiritual capital is Ijebu Igbo!!!!

Lastly, The Paramount ruler & Awujale of Ijebu land is the longest-reigning traditional ruler in the history of Nigeria—-62 years…(and still counting). 

BRIEF HISTORY OF CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA

 BRIEF HISTORY OF CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA 

1. *1960-1966:* 

       Sir Abubakar Tafawa 

       Balewa- no public  

       funds stolen.

2. *1966*

       Major Gen. Aguyi

       Ironsi- no public 

       funds stolen.

3. *1966-1975:*

      Gen. Yakubu Gowon-

      little stealing of

      public funds began

      gradually.

4. *1975-1976:*

      Gen. Murtala    

      Muhammad- zero

      tolerance for

      corruption and

       indiscipline.

5. *1976-1979:*

      Gen. Olusegun  

      Obasanjo- Military

      egg heads started

      owning huge

      properties, oil Blocs

      running into Millions

      of dollars.

6. *1979-1983:*

      Alhaji Shehu Shagari-

      looting galore by

      Ministers, party

      functionaries and

      other government big

      wigs.

7. *1984-1985:*

      Major Gen.

      Muhammadu Buhari-

      zero tolerance for

      corruption and

      indiscipline.

      Some corrupt

      politicians bagged

      200 years jail terms.

8. *1985-1993:*

      Gen Ibrahim

      Babangida- freed all

      jailed politicians;

      liberalized the

      architecture.

      In one fell swoop

      about $12 Billion

      varnished.

      He is called the father

      of corruption.

9. *1993-1998:*

      Gen. Sani Abacha-

      over $25 Billion

       looted in four

       turbulent years.

10. *1998- 1999:*

        Gen. Abdulsalam

        Abubakar- about $2

        Billion looted in 11

        months.

11. *1999- 2007:*

        Chief Olusegun

        Obasanjo- His Bank

        account is said to

        have grown from

        N20,000 after

        leaving prison to

       Multi-Billion dollars

       with choice

       properties across

       major cities. $16

       Billion allegedly

       meant for electric

       power projects

       vanished. Another

       N300 Billion [$2b] for

       roads disappeared.

12. *2007-2010:*

        Alhaji Umar

        Yar'Adua- reserved

        and sick. Looted

        funds have not been

        traced to his regime.

13. *2011-2015:*

        Dr. Goodluck Ebelle

       Jonathan- in 2011

       elections about N2.6

       Trillion disappeared.

       Over $31Billion

       stolen in 2yrs.

Another $2.6 Billion was stolen in 2015 elections 

More revelations on stolen public funds during his tenure are still emerging, but remains the most honored Nigerian president with series of international honors  and engagement . Celebrated till date as the icon and hero  of democracy . Till date all efforts of his successor to link him with looted funds have failed woefully , they are still trying frantically but his popularity is soaring higher on the international scene 

His regime in term of corruption cannot be described in words, but had never been indicted directly or indirectly as a former deputy governor , governor , vice president and president . 

14. *2015 - date.* President Muhammadu Buhari. Full blown corruption,  embezzlement of public funds in staggering proportions! The fantastically corrupt leader , was  forced on Nigerians through rigging and under aged voting of almajiris and threatened to soak Nigerians in their blood should he not be allowed to rule.

First presidential candidate  to have presented fake and forged WASC results for four consecutive presidential  elections and hired 28 SAN to defend him . First Nigerian president with no known diploma or degree to his credit ,and first Nigerian military president with no international honours to his name. 

Fake integrity hurriedly built to hoodwink his gullible supporters in 2015 but later crashed like a pack of cards when he could not live up to the role, he rode to power with looted funds.

L CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU AS A YOUTH

 L CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU AS A YOUTH

22-Year-Old Ojukwu And His Aunty, Winifred, On His Return From Oxford In 1955.

Below is a picture of a 22 year old, Biafran warlord, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu and his aunty, Winifred Ojukwu, shortly after he returned to Nigeria in 1955 on completing his studies at Oxford university. Ojukwu bagged a Degree in History.

Ojukwu attended Kings College Lagos, Epsom College, Surrey, England and the prestigious Oxford University, England. By the time Ojukwu returned to Nigeria in 1955, his father had become one of the richest businessmen in the country with a business empire that spanned Transportation, Banking, Retail, Construction and Manufacturing.

Ojukwu's father took him to his corporate headquarters and showed him a well furnished airconditioned office, offering him a top position in his business organisation. Ojukwu turned his father down, telling him he wanted to make his own way in life. Ojukwu eventually secured a job in the civil service as an assistant district officer of Udi division, just outside Enugu. In 1956, Ojukwu was posted to Aba. It was at Aba that Ojukwu attended a party that would change the course of his life. At this party, Ojukwu met a young Yoruba man called Adeyinka Adebayo, who had just been newly commissioned as an officer of the Nigerian Army. Adebayo told Ojukwu that the Army was in the process of being indigenized and their was a shortage of officers. A few weeks after this party, Ojukwu was promoted to District Officer and posted to Calabar.

On hearing that his son had been posted to Calabar, Ojukwus influential father prevailed on the authorities to cancel the posting. When Ojukwu learnt of what his father had done, he angrily resigned his job and drove all the way to Kaduna where he enlisted into the Nigerian Army as a lowly recruit.

The British officers at Kaduna kept wondering what an Oxford graduate was doing as a private in the Army and sent him for officers course in England. Ojukwu returned in 1957 and was commissioned a second Lieutenant, the first graduate to join the Nigerian Army.

Ojukwu rose rapidly through the Army. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1958, Captain in 1960, Major in 1962 and Lieutenant Colonel in 1964. Ojukwu was commander of the 4th battalion, Kano, when the first coup happened in January 1966.

As the coup unfolded, Major Nzeogwu called on Ojukwu to join the coup to which Ojukwu refused. Ojukwus refusal to join Nzeogwu is one of the major reasons why Nzeogwu's coup eventually failed.

General Ironsi then siezed power and appointed Ojukwu Military Governor of the Eastern Region.

6 months later, mid-level officers of the Nigerian of Northern extraction conducted a coup that led to the overthrow and killing of Ironsi, and the installment of Lt Col Yakubu Gowon as Head of State. The coup also greenlighted a pogrom in which over 30,000 Easterners, mainly Igbos, were killed all over Nigeria, particularly in the North.

The inability of Gowon to stop the killings, the resentment in the Eastern Region against his government and the fact that Ojukwu was senior to Gowon caused bad blood between both men

The crisis became so bad that the then President of Ghana, General Joe Ankrah, intervened and invited both Gowon and Ojukwu to his Hiltop Mansion in Aburi, Ghana, for peace talks in January of 1967.

After two days of discussions, Ojukwu and Gowon signed an agreement that was to be known as the Aburi Accord.

A few months after their return from Ghana, Gowon broke the Aburi accord they signed by issuing decree 14 of 1967 which abolished all the 4 Regions, created 12 states, reversed the fiscal federalism practiced, changed the revenue sharing formula, all in a bid to increase the power of the North over the rest of Nigeria

For Ojukwu, it was the last straw. Ojukwu convened the Eastern Nigerian Consultative Forum, a body that comprised of all the chiefs and head of the 20 provinces that made up the Eastern Region. They sat and discussed for 2 days and mandated Ojukwu to declare the Eastern Region a separate country. On the 30th of May 1967, Ojukwu declared the Eastern Region a separate country called the Republic of Biafra.

In retaliation, Gowon declared war. The war raged on for 3 years and ended in January 1970 with Ojukwu handing over to his deputy, General Effiong, flying into exile in Ivory Coast and the subsequent surrender of Biafra.

Ojukwu later returned from exile 12 years later. He died in London in 2011 aged 78.

Rest in peace Legend....

Mapo Hall. Mapo derived her name from the Yoruba linguistic description about the build of the pillars (Opo) during the colonial era.

 Mapo Hall. Mapo derived her name from the Yoruba linguistic description about the build of the pillars (Opo) during the colonial era. Mapo Hall looks like the ancient Roman Empire’s Headquarters. Sighting this magnificent building, one is imaginatively taken back to those days when Jesus Christ was being persecuted before Pilate or the elders.

The stone of the Hall was laid in June 1925 by Capt. W. A. Ross (The Resident, Oyo Province) and it was completed and declared open by His Excellency, Sir Graeme Thomson during the traditional leadership of Oba Shiyanbola Ladugbolu, the Alaafin of Oyo and Oyewole, the Baale of Ibadan.

This building, is accurately an intimidation of the Yoruba people because this hall serves as the exhibition of the authoritative statue of the colonised Yoruba people. The old relics of the judicial, executive and legislative power of the white people is vividly present still date. 

The Mapo Hall and its environs serve as an authentic documentation of the historical facts of colonialism as Badagry serves the purpose of slavery. Apart for the political importance of the hall presently housing local government of Oyo State, the cultural heritage is vividly seen as market women and men were holding meeting, the political office holders having their affairs within, and the court marrying and divorcing couples. The noise of the daily affairs of the market could not be left out. Funny enough, the hall stands still, waiting for tourists to listen to the forgotten tales, that need to be told.

Mapo Hall was originally constructed for administrative purposes and public hearings. Nowadays, especially since its renovation in 2006, it is as a conference location and tourist destination, with its own in house mini-museum and an impressive hallway portrait display of all past and present Olubadan of Ib adan.

BRIEF HISTORY OF SAKI TOWN, FOOD BASKET OF OYO STATE

 BRIEF HISTORY OF SAKI TOWN, FOOD BASKET OF OYO STATE

Nigeria is made up of thirty-six states and each of the states has unique regions with the great historical antecedent. One of such region is Saki. Saki, a place in the heart of Oke-Ogun, is a town situated in the northern part of Oyo state, Nigeria.

Saki is one of the most ancient towns in Yoruba land. Some historians had argued that Saki was founded by Ogun, the eldest son of Oduduwa and this explains why it was initially called Ile Ogun. The historical fact behind this was that Lamurudu, the father of Oduduwa and his followers migrated to Niger area Bussau from Egypt, this was as a result of religious crisis. Ogun was on a journey, when he discovered that Saki was a small village and it was just like a hunter’s camp. From Saki he went to Ibarapa, Lagos, Benin, Ife and again back to Saki. 

Saki, the ruling town of Ogun was taken temporarily as a seat of government of Yoruba kingdom. Saki was the first settlement of Ogun and there he ended his life. This is why people usually say, Ogun is a stranger at Ire but a native of Saki. 

A historian, Late Chief Ojo, the Bada of Saki gave the meaning of the town’s name as “Sa-kiri”, meaning ‘a fleeing refugee’. The fleeing refugees, according to sources finally found a respite on the Asabari Hill located in the town. Hence, the ‘oriki’ (praise – name) of a Saki indigene is incomplete without the addition of ‘Omo Asabari’, (Son of Asabari’).

This was corroborated by some other historians who opined that the individual circumstance between Okekesi and his brother, Oranmiyan, who was the first Alaafin of Oyo; had led to the change of name from Ile Ogun to Saki. History has it that Okekesi had left Oyo Ile just after it was founded for Ile Ogun, because he quarreled with his cousin brother, Oranmiyan over a woman.

Oranmiyan had on three different occasions sent people to persuade Okekesi to return to Oyo Ile but he refused. Oranmiyan was quoted to have said “O nsa kiri ni” which means “he has constantly been on the run”. It was therefore said that Saki was derived from this expression.

Originally part of the old Oyo Empire, Saki became a Yoruba refugee settlement after the Muslim Fulani conquerors destroyed the Old Oyo in 1835. For those who are unfamiliar with its history, Saki occupies a very important place among Yoruba towns.

Saki is about 184 kilometers North-West to Ibadan. It is situated in the Savanna land with scattered trees. An important stream called “Taba” flows through the town. It is this stream that supplied water to the citizenry of Saki throughout the year before the provision of pipe-borne water. The stream is still very useful until today. 

Saki, which is the headquarters of Saki West local government, has a population of over 350,000 inhabitants. It is referred to as the food basket of Oyo state because of its agricultural activities.Saki has been known for raising cattle and growing yams, cassava, maize, sorghum, beans, shea nuts and okro for subsistence. It specialises in the exportation of cotton, swamprice, teak and tobacco.

Traditionally, the work of inhabitants in the olden days are blacksmith, goldsmith, farming, hunting and clay pot moldering. The town is prominent in the production of aluminum pots, widely referred to as Ikoko Irin.

Akinbekun was said to be the first king of Saki. He was the son of Oranmiyan whom Egilolo (daughter of Kisra, the king of Ibadan) bore to him. A very important event was attached to the period of Akinbekun as a king of Saki because the emergence of River-Ogun was as a result of conflicts between the Okere and his wife Modelewu. It was said that Akinbekun had a power garment that he used to wear to battle.

After wearing the garment Modelewu would pray for him and he would win the battle. The garment however, had a restriction, that it must not be beaten by rain and it must not be touched by a woman. On that particular occasion Akinbekun was not at home and he had dried his garment outside as the sun was blazing hot. Things turned around and it was about to rain. 

Modelewu with her good heart helped him to pack it, immediately he felt it and got home in no time. Modelewu who had a heavy breast hated being insulted with it. When the king got back he rebuked and insulted her with her heavy breast. This caused her to leave the town and later went on to become the river Ogun near Iseyin. 

Since that time, according to history, it has become forbidden for any reigning Okere of Saki, to look at the river while passing through it. The Okere of Saki is the traditional ruler of the town. The present Okere of Saki, Oba Khalid Olabisi Oyeniyi, was installed on 18th of December 2019 to replace Oba KilaniOlatoyese Ilufemiloye Olarinre, who died on Friday 5th April 2013, 2 days to the first anniversary of his coronation. 

By the early 1860s the Yoruba Mission established an Anglican church in the town. Today, Saki has grown to become a home to Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, The Kings Poly, Saki; School of Basic Midwifery, Muslim Hospital; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Baptist Medical Centre; Bapist Medical Centre School of Laboratory, among other things.

Saki is an interesting place to be and there are a lot of fun places with in the shores of the land.

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